Fmcg Products Classification - 5487 Words

------------------------------------------------- Hindustan Unilever Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is an Indian consumer goods company based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is owned by Anglo-Dutch company Unilever which owns a 67% controlling share in HUL. HULs products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. HUL was established in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited and, in 1956, became known as Hindustan Lever Limited, as a result of a merger between Lever Brothers, Hindustan Vanaspati Mfg. Co. Ltd. and United Traders Ltd. It is headquartered in Mumbai, India and employs over 16,500 workers whilst also indirectly helping to facilitate the employment of over 65,000 people. The company was renamed in June†¦show more content†¦He is also a member of Unilever Leadership Executive team (ULE), which comprises the companys topShow MoreRelatedDissertation Report on Fmcg Product7951 Words   |  32 PagesFast MovinFastMovingConsumerConsumerGoodsGoods (FMCG)(FMCG) 1  Dissertation Report On Buying Behavior of FMCG Products Submitted To: Submitted By: Prof. R.P.Singh Vandana Chandra Director (ABS) MBA (Agri-Business) AMITY University AMITY UniversityLucknow Campus Lucknow Campus Under the supervision of: Mr. Ashish Chandra  Faculty Guide (ABS) AMITY University Lucknow Campus Acknowledgement I consider my proud privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to Prof. R.P.Singh for hisRead MoreImpact of Gst on Fmcg Sector1927 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary GST is the most ambitious indirect tax reform in India ever attempted and aims to create one â€Å"borderless domestic market†. It will tax consumption as against â€Å"production† which is the current norm. A uniform rate will be imposed on a product only once, at the point of its supply, thus reducing the cost for consumers. Key benefits: If GST is implemented without many exemptions and with a single rate, the following benefits will accrue: * Macro: Successful pan-India implementation willRead MoreBoroplus Prickly Heat Powder9203 Words   |  37 PagesIntroduction of the Study Need of the Study Objectives of the Study Research Methodology Presentation of the study Limitations †¢ Chapter-2 FMCG Industry Emami Ltd profile ï â€  ï â€  ï â€  ï â€  ï â€  ï â€  Overview of FMCG Sector in India Outlook of Emami Ltd Profile Emami Vision Mission Emami Corporate Values Objectives Emami Beauty Products Emami Distribution Network †¢ Chapter-3 Marketing Mix ï â€  07 – 20 21 - 46 47 - 52 A Conceptual Framework of Marketing Mix 2 †¢ Read MoreMarketing Plan of Lux2484 Words   |  10 PagesLUX 1. Introduction * Description of the product Everything about the brand – from the look and feel of the products and packaging to the subtle fragrances – is a delight to the senses. In fact, Lux has been making waves since 1924, when it launched the worlds first mass-market beauty soap at a fraction of the cost of some expensive brands.   How it all started   * Lux was first introduced as a toilet soap in 1925. Produced by Lever Brothers, it arrived in the UK in 1928, offering peopleRead MoreQuality of the Sunrise Bread Products1192 Words   |  5 Pagesin Pakistan. They took 30 to 35% of the market of all bread products in KARACHI. After the beginning stage of their operations they gradually resilient their base and struggle to categorical arrive into the international market. SUNRISE OBJECTIVES: They have a mission to provide admirable and superior quality by following all the principles of their institute that support to accomplish their aims and given the fresh quality products to their customers. PROCEDURE RLEATED QUALITY: They haveRead MoreDoes Excessive Sales Promotion Result in Dilution of Brand Equity1842 Words   |  8 Pagesis Brand? A brand is a product, service, or concept that is publicly distinguished from other products, services, or concepts so that it can be easily communicated and usually marketed. A brand name is the name of the distinctive product, service, or concept. Branding is the process of creating and disseminating the brand name. â€Å"The value of a brand establishes the positive differentiation that the name of the brand has over the clients reactions with the product and service in discussion†Read MoreData Mining Of Big Data1646 Words   |  7 Pagesmining are as follows. Classification- Classification is the process of finding a model or function that describes and distinguishes data classes or concepts, for the purpose of being able to use the model to predict the class of objects whose class label is unknown. The derived model is based on the analysis of asset of training data. The model can be represented in various forms such as classification rules, decision tree, mathematical formulae or neural networks. Classification and prediction mayRead MoreProject Report on Dabur Company7854 Words   |  32 PagesFinancial Modeling of Dabur Company. This report begins with the understanding the present micro and macro-economic condition and how they affect the growth of the country. It discusses the present economic indicators and expected growth of India and FMCG industry in the future. The report further analyse financial statements of the Dabur Company. By using historical data and making some assumptions, calculations future earnings are forecasted. After that using DCF valuation we find out intrinsic valueRead MoreProctor and Gamble2710 Words   |  11 Pagescompanies in India. PG India, was established in 1964 and serves over 650 million consumers. PG operates under three entities in India : â€Å"Procter Gamble Hygiene and Health Care Limited†, ‘Gillette India Limited’, and ‘Procter Gamble Home Products’. These three entities have a direct reach of 1.3 million outlets across India. invested in the country via its five plants and over nine contract manufacturing sites. ïÆ'Ëœcreates 26,000 jobs directly and indirectly. ïÆ'ËœProcter Gamble, will buildRead MoreA Brief Note On Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesordinary business hones. International Supply chain - We live in an inexorably worldwide economy where items are sourced from ease creation areas to meet purchasers requests at costs they can bear. From mold to purchaser hardware, vehicle parts to FMCG, supply chains are protracting, yet customers are turning out to be perpetually requesting, Changes in world financial matters imply that sourcing choices are persistently changing, which puts extra weights on the inventory network. Information Technology

Essay on The Humanity of God by Karl Barth - 1825 Words

For this paper, I read and analyzed the Humanity of God, a series of three writings by Karl Barth. I focused specifically on his writing Evangelical Theology in the 19th Century. Barth begins by defining theology broadly and then evangelical theology specifically, he then expounds on its history, the theologians who represented it and the groundwork it was built on. He also discusses issues brought up by problems in the initial groundwork. This paper will explore the nature of theology drawing from the examples of the 19th century set by Barth and compare and contrast it with personal perspective on and experience with 21st century theology. The paper will conclude with an application of the Barth’s stance on the nature of theology to a†¦show more content†¦He goes on to talk about the importance of history in academic fields but especially in Theology. This resonates with Wesley’s Quadrilateral, in which tradition is one of four important aspects that inform o ur theology. The cause for the breach between the theology of the two centuries is primarily because â€Å"theology turned into the philosophy of the history of religion in general, and of the Christian religion in particular [by the end of the 19th century]† (13). Why did this happen under the watch of individuals who Barth describes as â€Å"[the] type of person that merits our highest respect† (17)? He explains that a multifaceted attack of the culture, outlook and general mindset of the time period on theology as a whole changed its primary objective. According to Barth, the â€Å"[development] of a new and positive understanding of Christian truth and truths in themselves†¦ [is] a primary necessity at all times† (19) and the primary purpose of evangelical theology. However, the 19th century theologians were primarily concerned with how theology would confront the spirit of the age. They managed to get so caught up in trying to grab the attention of the common man universally that they forgot that God was the foundation for theology. Barth describes theology’s self-exposure to the world as its strength (18) but goes onto say that 19th century theology went â€Å"overboard – and this was its weakness – insofar asShow MoreRelatedModern Theology: Karl Barth and Emil Brunner Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagespresented in the bible. It is important to realize that there are many views pertaining to the doctrine of election ranging from prominent theologians such as Augustine and Pelagius, Calvin and Arminius, Barth and Brunner and various other theologians and their respective counterparts. Karl Barth and Emil Brunner are the giants on the subject of modern theology. Their theological insights are such that even now people are mesmerized by their incredible aptitude for theological understanding and presentationRead MoreChristianity And The Nature Of God1420 Words   |  6 Pagesand the nature of God, one must h ave a foundation to rely upon. Both theology and our epistemological queries concerning God must be crafted from a source. Michael Bird in his Evangelical Theology notes that the prolegomena or things we say before saying anything about God must be predicated upon a critical source. This source is God’s Word and is revealed in multiple ways. If one is to conduct a Credo or apologetic stance of his Christian faith, this person ought to explain how God reveals GodselfRead MoreWord Of God As Written, Incarnate, And Proclaimed1218 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ Word Of God As Written, Incarnate, and Proclaimed: Barth theorizes that Jesus Christ is the Word of God in three co-equal forms: the Word revealed, the Word written, and the Word proclaimed. As a co-centric circle the three forms of the one Word of God labor together in seamless harmony to produce the substance of all divine revelation. †¢ The Word Revealed: The New Testament notion of the incarnation – â€Å"the Word of God,† is inescapably centered on the idea that God has formed alliance betweenRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Natural Law1203 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Paul opens what many hold to be his magnum opus with an apologetic. In Romans 1, Paul defends the omnipotence of God and His justice by claiming that all men, including those who would willingly reject God, know Him. Paul goes on to say that there is a natural order of things in this world. He speaks of the natural relations of mankind in such a way that moves beyond simply stating that these relations are the norm to say that they are the standard or rule against which actions can be judgedRead MoreKarl Barths Relational View of Imago Dei Essay1880 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"26 Then God said, ‘Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness...27 So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.’† Genesis 1:26a, 1:27 The stories which humans tell about their origins are always cherished and held in high regard. In fact, no culture has existed which has not created or attempted to create some story of origins. Every culture has had some means in which to say this is where we came from. Especially in culturesRead MoreThe Relevance and Authority of Scripture Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesviewpoints first evangelical with its strong emphasis on the Word of God it left little room to advance with the ever changing culture. Second the Liberal movement was all about cultural relevance and used only as a record of history. Each holds a valid argument Neo-Orthodox however is a good blend of both cultural relevance and scriptural foundation. The Issues Evangelical Evangelicalism carried a strong emphasis on the Word of God. Which is in its own right a positive to the movement. Bible is usedRead MoreMy Theology Paper2047 Words   |  9 Pagesdisagree with them in one key area. Many liberation theologians start off with their experiences, and then look to the bible and interpret it. I believe that theology must start off with the Bible because it is the best source of information about who God is, who Jesus is, and what the early church was like. I do believe that the Church should speak out when there is injustice. However, it comes from a belief that we should treat others as if we see Jesus in them (see Matt 25:31-46). I refer toRead MoreThe White Crucifixion By Marc Chagall1438 Words   |  6 PagesMarc Chagall painted the first portrait of his crucifixion series. The White Crucifixion was developed from his own life experiences and combined both traditional and new customs to further showcase the interrelation between the disheveled state of humanity that has continued to exist. This painting has stirred a lot of controversy over the years because of Chagall’s sudden change in themes. Previously, Chagall focused on creating artworks centered on Jewish representations, but switched to depictingRead MoreAn Application Of A Biblical Worldview997 Words   |  4 Pages The topic of the image of God is one essential to every human being because it will shape the way in which each individual will look at his or her life. A part of every human’s life is his or her vocation, which will also be changed by the view he or she holds about the image of God. The image of God is the footprint th at God left in humans and in no other being in His creation, and it must shape the way in which everyone will look at his or her job. The image of God, as any other theological topicRead MoreThe Essence Of The Debate1712 Words   |  7 Pagesall, and among those to whom it is preached, does not always meet with the same reception†. God has chosen, according to his mere pleasure, to spontaneously offer salvation to some and destruction to others. Although much scriptural evidence exists supporting this understanding, this revelation remains a mystery. Paul’s declaration in the Book of Romans suggests divine election â€Å"cannot be known unless God, throwing works entirely out of view, elect those whom he has predestined†. Hence, individuals

Only in Vegas Free Essays

string(38) " its survival in the non-peak season\." Replicated natural wonders of the world, indoor man-made waterfalls, simulated pirate ship battles, a dolphin habitat, and indoor gondola rides are a few of the small attractions that place modern day Las Vegas as a hotspot on the US map. In fact, there are so many small attractions blended with large attractions that the experience of Las Vegas itself has become an attraction. Disregarding traditional methods and exploring outrageous ideas in the areas of engineering, architecture, and planning, this city has become a very accepted destination that has become a marketing phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on Only in Vegas or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a city that is in the middle of nowhere, it has a made quite an impression on the people it draws. It is no surprise that this city has had a history of prosperity and boom. The first main draw of the area known as Las Vegas was water. Water was not in over abundance compared to other cities, but the mere presence of spring water was a marvel for that region of the Mojave Desert. In the late 1820’s, explorers on the Old Spanish Trail went into unexplored areas searching for the very thing that area known Las Vegas had to offer them, water. Water in the area had produced vegetation, and Las Vegas apparently flourished with it. The presence of water positioned Las Vegas on the map of the Old Spanish Trail. It shortened the path between Santa Fe and Los Angeles, and became a marked location on this increasingly traveled route. This area is repeatedly referred to as an oasis: Las Vegas was named accordingly, as its meaning in Spanish is â€Å"The Meadows. † Minerals were rich in the area, and according to local government history, Mining began in the late 1800’s. This, the railroad boom in the 1900’s, and a man name William Clark led to railroads being placed through the prime spot of Las Vegas because of its location between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, the climate of the general area, and of course, its abundance of water and vegetation among the vast desert. Railroads required workers, and workers required the usual: a place to sleep, eat, and of course, drink and seek entertainment. This led to the earliest of saloons and markets, building toward a city. According to the City of Las Vegas government, â€Å"Las Vegas was founded as a city on May 15, 1905, when 110 acres of land situated between Stewart Avenue on the north, Garces Avenue to the south, Main Street to the west, and 5th Street (Las Vegas Boulevard) to the east, are auctioned off. † This auction allowed for more relocation of people into the town. â€Å"In 1911 a gas plant, power company, and telephone system were projected† (Durnke 263). Las Vegas was starting to grow. â€Å"The modern attitude of Las Vegas, along with the rest of the American West, favors more exclusiveness. In March, 1909, the Las Vegas Promotion Society was organized at a citizens’ meeting attended by fifty persons at the Opera House. ‘ Its purpose, as stated in the opening resolutions, was to make known Las Vegas’ resources and to encourage new enterprises and industries† (Durnke 264). Shortly after, a city government was formed, and railroads and mining continued. Later, in 1931, construction of the Hoover Dam began and led to a further influx of workers. The population was estimated according to Clark County records to stand around 8000 between the period of the completion of the Hoover Dam in 1935 and 1940. Water, convenience, and work led people into this city prior to 1931. Later, with World War II under way, many military installations were established in the desert due to its attractive resources, including its low-priced energy available from the Hoover Dam. Defense industry was started, and a further opportunity for workers emerged. After the war was over, the post industrial society took advantage of the amenities offered by Las Vegas, and the entrepreneurs did the same. Gambling had previously been around in many states. It managed to receive a discerning reputation in the public eye. There were moral issues, and scandals involved. States were hot and cold with respect to certain types of gaming and lotteries; this eventually led to prohibition in 1910. Nevada officially legalized gambling in 1931. This was at the time when the construction of the Hoover Dam began. Nevada capitalized on the expected tourism that the Hoover Dam would bring. They capitalized very well. Entrepreneurs saw the enormous returns on gambling as a great opportunity to develop casino and hotels. They did just that, and followed an immediate boom in tourism, especially from California, where gambling was illegal, but the desire to do so was very prominent. Profits from gambling funded the elaborate themes and designs of Las Vegas attractions. Service industries arose from their inevitable need, and the marketing of Las Vegas was underway. Tourism became the niche that Las Vegas acquired. In fact, the number of tourists according to the 2009 Executive Summary was just under 36. 5 Million in 2009, down 3% from 2008. This small drop in tourism appears to have been heavily due to decreases early in the 2009 year, and has actually risen in the past 4 months of 2009. While tourism has risen since 2000, the population has risen as well. In 2000, according to the US Government Census, the population for Las Vegas and the surrounding metropolitan areas was over 1. 3 million and it is estimated that the 2008 population was over 1. 8 million. In the City alone, the 2000 population was 478,434 compared to the 2008 estimate of 558,383. Tourism is the main focus of Las Vegas, and it has had problems along with solutions to ensure that tourism remains high. One of the largest problems with Las Vegas was not that tourism was very high, but extremely seasonal and high at only peak times. Las Vegas used a superior marketing strategy that ensured its survival in the non-peak season. You read "Only in Vegas" in category "Papers" The Las Vegas Convention Center was built to attract visitors during these seasons of slow times. This ensured services offered by businesses a year round opportunity. The attempt to build consistency was a success. Many factors allowed for the convention center to become an ideal site for conventions and seminars. Among these were the desire to be in Las Vegas, the climate, landscape, incentives, inexpensive flights, rooms and convenience of transportation. This strategy to maximize occupancy year round has led to an 81. 5% occupancy rate year round in 2009 alone. Furthermore, having consistent visitors has allowed Las Vegas to offer permanent entertainment and resident performers. This has additionally furthered tourism. Another problem that Las Vegas has encountered is the deterioration of its downtown. Las Vegas was built on money and ideas, as long as both are around, newer and better things will come. â€Å"In he nearly 50 years since Bugsy Siegel built the Flamingo Casino, Las Vegas has indeed become a place unlike anything ever seen before- a city relentlessly reinventing itself as a caricature of itself, constantly trying to out-Vegas Vegas† (Goodman 91). This was apparent in the downtown of Las Vegas and something needed to be done about it. The Freemont Street Experience was introduced, and brought some life back to downtown. â€Å"In a further attempt to conquer the elements, a 100ft-high-canopy, called the ‘celestial vault’ has been erected over the city’s main street as part of a downtown revitalization project† (Goodman 88) This revitalization is a strategy to attract more attention back to this area. Cheaper rates in different areas have allowed Las Vegas to target all groups of people based on income. They have more recently targeted the college crowd for spring break. â€Å"‘We’ve been getting a relatively younger crowd down here on Fremont Street because they’re beginning to discover we’re here,’ said Golden Gate owner Mark Brandenburg. ‘The Fremont Street Experience is pretty much an all-night party scene with free light shows, music entertainment and it’s really an attractive place for spring break’† (Hillgrove 1). More recently, in the past few years, Las Vegas has drawn a more significant of spring breakers than other years. Las Vegas is currently the top destination for travel booked through Travelocity’s site, pulling in 9 percent of the tickets booked on Travelocity for March 14 through April 26. In February, Travelocity named Las Vegas one of the ‘Top Eight Value Destinations for Spring Break,’ citing a 5 percent drop in average airfare and a 34 percent drop in average daily room rates from last year. † (1) Much of the downtown area offers these low rates in an attempt to build occupancy and remain open. Downtown is not the boom that it once was, but it remains open and has more plans in the future to continue to do so. It is just one example nationwide what happens to older areas, when better planned modern areas are given the opportunity to develop. â€Å"The next generation of architects would do well to look beyond themed architecture and ironic formalism and to examine the story unfolding behind the neon light. We need to think of our cities not as hollow shells, good only a settings for marketing a fictionalized past, but as places where we can build centers of prosperity for a real future and real people† (Goodman 94). It will be very interesting to see what is in store for the downtown area in the future. Las Vegas does not have as many urbanization problems as one would initially expect for a city with tourism exceeding 36 Million visitors per year. This is probably due to the numerous amounts of suburbs in conjunction with the numerous amounts of ongoing projects. They face problems that any city would face with a large amount of tourism, but they successfully have the money to tend to most immediate problems, or they have accepted them as a way of life. According to the 2009 Executive Summary, Clark County had gaming revenues of almost 9 Billion Dollars last year, with just over 6 Billion from the strip and downtown Las Vegas. Apparently the only problems are those that can’t be immediately fixed with money. Ironically, the same thing that the early explorers sought this land for is the same thing that may be its next problem. Water shortage has become an issue due to the large growth of the city. It is estimated that the city and suburbs will reach over 2 million permanent residents by 2020. To meet the looming water crunch, the city, along with the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), proposes to build a 285-mile pipeline to haul groundwater from six valleys in eastern Nevada. The $2 billion project would mean sinking up to 195 production wells as deep as 1700 ft. below the surface to bring more than 50 billion gallons of water per year to the parched desert metropolis† (Hutchinson 1). This has been causing a debat e, and seems to be the biggest problem facing the city at the moment. The question will be whether pumping the water from the ground will be their best solution, or if it will see more heated debate. It seems that water may be the most valuable resource to the west in the near future. It will be interesting to see how a city this size will continue to grow with water shortages, and what lengths the city will go to for the purpose of ensuring this water supply. The city of Las Vegas has much to offer the rest of the world, and is very significant. It is well known across the world due to major publications, events, and movies that are based in Las Vegas. It is a place that can be easily recognized by its elaborate design, luminescent skyline of gorgeous hotels, and distinctive architecture. Las Vegas has set many trends and standards for gourmet dining, intricate theme based settings, and attractive shows. It sites â€Å"14 of the nations 15 largest hotels† according to the Clark County Government, and is also a very popular place to have anything from an inexpensive and quick wedding to one fit for a queen. It really is known as a place where anything can happen. Many other States have used the model of Las Vegas to design certain areas of their cities. The gaming model for instance has shown to be successful, and many new towns are opening up to lotteries and casinos simply to issue jobs and retain wealth for the education and the state and city. Ohio is an example of one of these recent candidates. This model is not only hoping to create jobs, but also influence and expansion of other service industries that can produce income and stimulate the local economies. Las Vegas is home of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, also known as UNLV. Las Vegas lies only 30 minutes from the Hoover Dam, a little over an hour to the Mojave National Preserve, 2 hours to Death Valley National Park, 3 hours to the south cove of Lake Mead, only 4 hours to Los Angeles, and roughly 6 hours to either the Grand Canyon National Park or Phoenix. If you are looking for an adventure, Las Vegas is a great hub to make the first stop on your excursion. Las Vegas is a city thriving on tourism built by money and gambling, but offers much more beyond the realm of casinos. It is an experience. I choose this city because it represents freedom and exploration in a natural form. One can go to Las Vegas and explore freely all it has to offer. One can explore not only the city, but the vast desert around with amazing national attractions waiting miles away. It is a way to experience the west in a fun and comfortable environment with so much perfection and beauty. I have experienced many trips to Las Vegas, and each was unique. I have taken trips for wilderness and exploration, others strictly for music or entertainment. I have gone on business; I have gone to visit friends and socialize. I have learned something about myself and loved it and every time. How to cite Only in Vegas, Papers

Interperative Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay Example For Students

Interperative Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay E Interpretive Biography Leonardo Dad Vinci is considered one of the greatest geniuses of all time. He was the epitome of the term Renaissance Man, which meaner a person with many talents. During the Italian Renaissance Dad Vines accomplishments ranged from many fields such as anatomy, engineering, mathematics, nature ,philosophy, painting, sculpting and architecture. His achievements in these fields stem from an early age, Dad Vinci was an illegitimate child born of Seer Piper, a notary, and Catering, a peasant woman who were unmarried. At the age of 15 Dad Vinci was sent to Florence to be an Prentice of an aspiring artist named Overarching. This is where Dad Vines talent for painting was first seen it is said that Overarching was so impressed with Leonardo addition to Veronicas painting that he break his paint brushes and said I will never paint again. According to Giorgio Vassar, Leonardo first demonstration of his talent in painting was while he was an apprentice in Veronicas studio. Leonardo helped in painting Veronicas Baptism of Christ he painted the left handed angel, which made the other figure look His contribution, the left-hand angel, made the other figures look bland and dull. It is said by Vassar that Overarching was so impressed by his apprentices painting that it was said that he took his paint brushes and snapped and said that he will never paint again since Dad Vinci surpassed him. After this stage in Dad Vines life he was accepted into the painters guild of Florence, a guild was a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power. After leaving Veronicas studio, Leonardo talent became widely known throughout Florence, however gained a reputation for not completing jobs he was commissioned. A commission that he received while in Florence was The Adoration of the Magi in 1481; it was an important work for monks of San Donate from a monastery At Scope Leonardo left this work undone in 1482 when he left for Milan. During his time in Milan he was commissioned another work which was from the Church of Francesco Grandee which asked him to paint The Virgin of the Rocks which was not done until twenty- five years later. It was during this time period that he wrote to Duke Oxfords in which he stated that he was a military inventor and engineer that could make indestructible bridges and safe chariots, at the end of the letter he also stated that he was an architect, sculptor and a painter. An excerpt from Vicars book stated that He also painted in Milan, for the Friars of S. Dominic, at S. Maria dell Gracie, a Last Supper, a most beautiful and marvelous thing; and to the heads of the Apostles he gave such majesty and beauty, that he left the head of Christ unfinished, not believing that he was able to give it that divine air which is essential to the image of Christ. This work, remaining thus all but finished, has ever been held by the Melamine in the greatest veneration, and also by strangers as well; for Leonardo imagined and succeeded in expressing that anxiety which had sized the Apostles in wishing to know who should betray their Master. For which reason in all their faces are seen love, fear, and wrath, or rather, sorrow, at not being able to understand the meaning of 550) this showed his artistic views and how he displayed images as an art master. Leonardo Last Supper, painted in Milan, is a brilliant summary of fifteenth-century trends in its organization of space and use of perspective to depict subjects three-dimensionally in a two- dimensional medium. (Spiegel, 2009) Leonardo importance wasnt realized till the High Renaissance where he was presented as a transitional figure in the shift to High Renaissance principles. .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 , .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .postImageUrl , .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 , .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:hover , .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:visited , .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:active { border:0!important; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:active , .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912 .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35f1db64569bc23dc2e651498268d912:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Humanism during Renaissance EssayHe carried on the fifteenth- century experimental tradition by studying everything and even dissecting human bodies to see more clearly how nature worked. But Leonardo stressed the need to advance beyond such realism and initiated the High Renaissances preoccupation with the idealization of nature, or the attempt to generalize from realistic portrayal to an ideal form. (Spiegel, 2009) Leonardo exhibited a period of the Renaissance where artist tried to make a realistic portrayal to an ideal portrayal. A description given by Giorgio Vassar in his biography of Leonardo Dad Vinci named The Genius of Leonardo Dad Vinci shows a firsthand source of how others thought of him In the normal course of events many men and women are born with various remarkable qualities and talents; but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single person is marvelously endowed by heaven with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired, and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human art. (Vassar, 1 550) shows the respect that Leonardo received from there artist during his lifetime. Leonardo most famous work is the Mona Lisa which was commissioned by Francesco Del Giaconda to make a portrait his wife; and after toiling over it for four years, he left it unfinished. Leonardo had one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance. He tried to understand the inner workings of nature. Majority of his invent ions and scientific ideas were ahead of its time. Leonardo was one of the first people to study the flight of birds and make an invention that modeled after how they glided in the wind. He also made drawings, schematics and designs for tanks, helicopters, and a parachute. Leonardo importance to art was even greater than his importance to science. He had a strong influence on many leading artists, including Raphael and Michelangelo. Leonardo balanced compositions and idealized figures became standard features of later Renaissance art. Painters also tried to imitate Leonardo knowledge of perspective and anatomy, and his accurate observations of nature. What most impresses people today is the wide range of Leonardo talent and achievements. He turned his attention to many subjects and mastered nearly all. His inventiveness, versatility, and wide-ranging intellectual curiosity have made Leonardo a symbol of he Renaissance spirit. (Bin) Leonardo most important successes were the two techniques that he created which were suffuse and chiaroscuro. They are both painting techniques that deal with using shades of light and dark colors. Kauffman in painting or drawing, the fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colors and tones. (Britannica) Chiaroscuro is a technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow as they define three-dimensional objects. Some evidence exists that ancient Greek and Roman artists used chiaroscuro effects, UT in European painting the technique was first brought to its full potential by Leonardo Dad Vinci in the late 1 5th century in such paintings as his Adoration of the Magi (1481). (Britannica) Other important successes that Dad Vinci made were in enginee ring advance defenses for Milan. While he was working on the last supper he also made plans for mortars, battering rams, scaling ladders halberds and other defenses. Leonardo had many inventions and designs that were not recognized till his notebook was found and deciphered. Dad Vines notebooks with his diagrams of engineering have drawings of the machines and brief notes that explain them. Dad Vinci was thorough in his anatomical diagrams and dissections, dissecting dead bodies were outlawed in Florence so that is why Dad Vinci was only allowed to perform dissections on criminals.

Solar paint Essay Example

Solar paint Essay First slide: The purpose of Solar paint invention is to generate inexpensive electricity because various efforts have been made for this kind of power generation over the previous few decades. It is an environment friendly technology which has eliminated the need of solar cell. It is completely reasonable and sustainable. Solar paint is consisted of organic solar cell paint. These organic solar cells are protected from water through experienced synthetic sheets for example PET and therefore are absolutely environment friendly. The solar paint Is composed of a coating of dye and a coating of electrolytes which Is spread In the form of watery form or paste. Slide 2: Primary users: The most active and primary users of this product will be builders, companies and architects. Companies will make use of this product because they want to become more environmentally sustainable. The secondary target audience would be: Income: middle to higher Income group who have been earning $2500 to $50,000 ere year. It will be the most economical invention because it will reduce the utility expenses of the people. Education: Graduates or Post graduates are among the targeted audience because of their source of income as well as -Geographical Regions: In the beginning of the product, it will only be make available in urban areas and but the successful penetration in the market it will then distributed in rural areas as well. Attributes: The foremost attribute of solar paint is to keep the environment clean because companies are involved in many operations that are not environment friendly so, this product is conscious about environment. Slide 3: Positioning: Solar paint will help every household in USA to be able to produce their own electricity from renewable and sustainable resources by using paint coating on the roof and wall of their house. It is effective, uncontaminated and absolutely no discharges; it is environment friendly as well and provides electricity without any We will write a custom essay sample on Solar paint specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solar paint specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solar paint specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are a lot of things that are involved in giving rise to global warming cost. But one thing that is significantly involved in causing global warming is electrical pollution. Electricity causes pollution in a lot of ways and some are poorer than others. In most of the scenarios fossil flues are destroyed by fire in order to create electricity. So, solar paint is the most efficient, inexpensive and most of all environment friendly. It will reduce the risk of global warming. Slide 4: Strengths Low cost product.

How to Write a Research Paper on Abortion

How to Write a Research Paper on Abortion Research Paper on Abortion How to start a research paper Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of a thesis statement for an abortion research paper Example of introduction to abortion research paper How to write body paragraphs of a research paper on abortion Tips on body writing Example of the 1st body paragraph Example of the 2nd body paragraph Example of the 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper on abortion Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision How to start a research paper on abortion Abortion is one ethical issue that falls under the category of ethical issues that are very much problematic to resolve because it coincides with different cultural and religious implications. The discourse on abortion reaches many levels and branches and it is broad in nature. Writing a research paper on abortion requires a recognition of different perspectives in order to build a multifaceted discourse that would be well understood by different kinds of readers. Tips on how to start In starting a research paper on abortion, first, determine on what specific topic about abortion you would want to research on. This may be based on your interest or from reading various literature on abortion. What of these information that you know and you have read about sparks your interest? Interest is however not enough. A topic needs to be researchable. One cannot actually choose any topic on abortion without examining if it is a good one to research on. When we say a researchable topic, this means that your research questions may be answered by your research. Or that it should be able to be answered within the timeframe of your research. After you have chosen a topic, you may start coming up with an outline of your research. Example of an outline An example outline for your research paper may be the following: Introduction A. Subject matter B. Statement of the problem C. History of the problem Body Section 1 A. Extent of the problem B. Related literature (Examples, stories, facts) Section 2 A. Cause and Effect B. Repercussions in contemporary times Section 3 A. Possible solutions Conclusion A. Relate back to intro B. Restate thesis Example of a good thesis statement for abortion research paper A thesis or hypothesis is the researcher’s perception on the result of the study. This is based on the knowledge, observations or other study results. Examples may be: The reason why women resort to abortion is mostly because they are not prepared for the pregnancy. Most of the people resorting to abortion are teenagers. Most women who go on abortion do the act by themselves. The most common method used by women in abortion is by taking abortifacients. Example of an introduction to an abortion research paper Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before it is viable, usually before the pregnancy is before its 25th week. There are two types of abortion, spontaneous and induced. Spontaneous abortion is one which occurs naturally due to some complications during pregnancy or due to trauma occurring to the mother or the fetus. An induced abortion is one which was done intentionally. More and more teenagers opt to undergo induced abortion in the US. Trends in the number of abortions by females aged 13 to 18 show a significant increase from 2015 to 2016 ( this should be supported by statistical data from reliable source/s). To be able to know why teenagers resort to this practice, the study has the following specific questions: Determine the circumstances that lead to the pregnancy. Determine the reasons why the respondents opted to terminate their pregnancy. Identify the methodology they used to terminate their pregnancy. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on abortion The body of the paper covers the methodology and the results from the data gathering. Paragraphs on the methodology part may be subdivided into: methodology to be used; how to do data gathering using the methodology; the number of respondents needed in the study and a description of the respondents; and how long the data gathering will be done. For the results and discussion, the paragraphs may contain a little introduction on the general findings and then each paragraph will contain the answer to each question asked in the interview or survey and the results of the survey or interview. This is followed by an interpretation of the data gathered. Tips on body writing Determine the number of respondents that you need. Take only a few sample from the total number of possible respondents. A good number will help you get a good data and also save you time. Research on good methodologies to be used that matches the type of research you are using. Some questions are answered by surveys, some by interviews and some by observations. Provide statistical data as well as observations on your presentation of data. If some of the respondents have stated something you know is good to include on the paper, then include it on the paper. Be truthful with what you will write on the results even if it is different from what you have expected. You shouldn’t also plagiarize and provide proper citations if you need to support your findings with other researches from other authors. This is one of the ethics of research writing. If you used many different methods and you have a lot of data, divide these per theme and then present it per theme to make your data presentation organized. Example of the 1st body paragraph For the first body paragraph on the presentation of data one may write the following: There are various circumstances that lead to the pregnancy of the respondents, most answers were because of curiosity. However, some of the respondents got pregnant because of rape. In a nutshell, there is a number of other reasons among the most widespread. Example of the 2nd body paragraph There are various reasons that made the respondents opt to have their pregnancy terminated. Most of the answers are due to reasons that they are not yet ready for the pregnancy. Based on national statistics from a research done by (mention author and year), most females aged 13-17 terminate their pregnancy also due to the same reason. †¨ Example of the 3rd body paragraph The methodologies used by the respondents to terminate their pregnancy were the use of abortifacients by their own, going to a licensed medical practitioner, going to an unlicensed abortionist and doing it on their own by the help of a friend or partner. Most of them opted for the use of abortifacients. Most of them said that it is easy to buy such medicine online. Some respondents also sought medical help and a few respondents did the termination by themselves. How to finish a research paper on abortion To finish a research paper, write a concluding paragraph. This summarizes the findings, also still answering the research questions. Tips on conclusion writing In writing a conclusion, a writer may write one paragraph that summarizes all the findings. Make sure that the main answer to each research question should be stated in the conclusion. A student may write one or two sentence/s to provide an answer to each of the research question. Example of a conclusion From data gathered on the research paper, the main reason that leads to the pregnancy among teenage females in the US is because of curiosity. The main reason, on the other hand of terminating the pregnancy, is because they are not yet ready to face parental responsibilities. Thus, there should be a huge work done to inform teenage females about all negative impacts of interrupting pregnancy so to ensure that abortion was a well-thought-out decision. Tips on research paper revision Revising a research paper will be less taxing than starting one. The following should be taken note of. Take note on the revisions suggested by the editor or adviser and do those revisions first. Do revisions per section or per chapter so it will be easier. Read more on additional sources that might be helpful for revisions. Check your grammar as well when doing the revisions. Read the write-up thoroughly after the revision to check if the flow is still well even after adding up more information. It is also helpful to ask somebody to read your paper to check if it is understood by the reader and also to help proofread the paper.

Human Resource Management Unit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management Unit - Case Study Example The initial success of the business can be attributed to the enormous efforts and hard work which had gone into the company. This had resulted in great earnings and revenue for the company which consequently reflected through the satisfaction of workers and their commitment and contribution towards the employer. During the initial years major emphasis was also provided towards enhancing employee satisfaction in terms of providing rewards, cash bonuses and throwing big parties for the employees. There was least coordination of activities between the different business units in the organization. This is because each of the units considered themselves as individual entities which created major coordination problems between them. It was realized by the management that the employees belonging to the individual depot showed enormous commitment towards that business unit, however, this loyalty was not visible from the overall perspective of the company. This shows that the workers’ efforts were not directed towards the goals and objectives of the company and thus did not add to the company’s growth (Cook, 2007, p. 128). Lack of employee commitment The relations between the workforce and management had deteriorated considerably. There was least job satisfaction among employees. The management tried to satisfy the employees and increase productivity by providing them with extra incentives. However, the policy did not work in their favour.

Ethics in sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics in sport - Essay Example This policy is grounded o the hypotheses that there key principles required for the creation of quality sport and should be incorporated in the policy. These principles include: the sport should be value-based, efficient, technically sound, planned, sustainable, shared, and comprehensive. Also, it is necessary for participating in sport activities to maintain good conduct and maintain integrity of sports. The policy is a tool of offering the Government and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) the appropriate direction so as to realize the desired results. It enables the government and NGOs to flexibly carry out their core mandates within their jurisdictions, and consistently contribute to the set objectives. Implementation of the policy is done through complementary action plans deduced by the state either individually and collectively, or bi-laterally and multi-laterally, or both, and other stakeholders in the sport and related sectors. Due to the constantly evolving and dynamically changing technological advancements and developing of new needs these policies should be under constant review to meet these needs (Bloyce & Smith, 2009). Governments always get involved in the development and promotion of sporting activities amongst its people. This is evident especially in sport systems at the national or high-performance level and in the community level irrespective of the age and experience of an individual. Notably there are few governments that venture into sport activities as a way of promoting peace and development, both domestically and internationally. Sport activities actually can positively impact on the growth of the countrys economy and allow the state achieves its developmental goals. However, currently sports experience to champion for these goals has been great been cramped to several small-scale ventures. It is regularly undertaken through policy frameworks

QFD (Quality Function Deployment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

QFD (Quality Function Deployment) - Essay Example The Manufacturing Engineering  program provides a  unique and high quality  engineering education to prepare students for innovation, creativity, leadership and success. As a student in Manufacturing Engineering, one will learn  product design and innovation using cutting edge  3-D modeling tools and  computers,  control the high-tech machine tools including robotics that make the product, apply system theory, quality control and optimization  to manage the production and service system, and  compete in  the global environment. Industrial Requirements: A focus on Capital budgeting, deterministic investment analysis, probabilistic engineering economy, manufacturing cost models, utility theory, and computer applications to engineering economy. Industrial Requirements: Design of tooling for various manufacturing processes such as plastic injection, metal casting, stamping, forming, etc. Material properties, tolerances, cost, and tool interchangeability are covered. Industrial Requirements: To understand the modern concepts of using computers for manufacturing, including the theory of computer numerical control (CNC) and direct numerical control (DNC), CNC milling, and CNC tuning and computer-aided process design. Industrial Requirements: The emphasis of the course is on continuous quality improvement. To possess knowledge on process, capability analysis, philosophies of quality management, advanced statistical process control, quality costs, and automated quality control. Industrial Requirements: Ability to obtain and understand client requirements, and design a system with enough safety measures, component, or process related to industrial engineering to meet client requirements. Industrial Requirements: To understand the theoretical and practical aspects of the implications that the manufacturing process has on the design activities Issues such as rapid prototyping, tolerance, geometric modeling, capabilities of manufacturing processes,

The Reign Of Charlemagne

The Reign Of Charlemagne Why Was The Reign Of Charlemagne So Important In The Development Of The Early Medieval Monarchy? Charlemagne or Charles the Great was born on the 2 April 748 AD, the son of Pippin; the King of the Franks. At the time of his accession, the Frankish kingdom was already the most important power in Europe. However, that power and prestige was increased greatly by Charlemagne during his reign, in which he came to rule the vast majority of Western Europe. Charlemagnes power and prestige culminated on Christmas Day 800, when he was crowned Imperial Emperor by Pope Leo III. This act was incredibly significant as it founded the empire that would be known as the Holy Roman Empire, an empire that lasted for over a thousand years. As a result of the immense power Charlemagne had, he has been often been referred to as the ‘father of Europe. Ultimately, Charlemagne was the founding father of the French and German monarchies, a key player in the spread of Christianity throughout Western Europe, and ruled over an empire, the likes of which had not been seen since the Roman era. Charlemagne instigated various administrative reforms throughout his empire that were key in the development of the early medieval monarchy. One of Charlemagnes foremost concerns was maintaining unity within his empire. In 802, two years after his imperial coronation, Charlemagne required the entire population of the realm to swear an oath of loyalty; all people were expected to keep Gods commandments, to respect all the emperors possessions, to acknowledge his protection over the churches and the weak, especially widows and orphans, and finally to obey imperial commands. He Charlemagnes demands of loyalty were a way of exerting a manner of control and authority over a vast empire. Furthermore, the same year as Charlemagne introduced the oath of loyalty, he also set about bringing in new legislative reforms, which are seen as being key in the development of the early medieval monarchy. For the first time in history a king wrote down the laws of his kingdom. Charlemagne recorded the laws of the Frankish, Frisian, Saxon and Thuringian people. He also corrected the ‘defective laws of his people, rewriting and removing laws he deemed to be vicious and useless, and adding to them where it was needed. Certainly this was a key reform, as it enabled law to have a more central authority, and aided the spread of the knowledge of law within the empire, fundamentally, what was right and wrong. To a certain extent, he allowed for differences on law, within the provinces of his empire. However, Frankish law certainly had its influence throughout the region. Furthermore Charlemagne required that all leading members of society within each province hear their laws read al oud in their own language. Thus, aiding the implementation of law enforcement throughout the Frankish empire. Charlemagne sought a more civilised empire, founded on Christian values, and one of his key concerns was not only lowering rates of crime but also a move away from the more personalised ‘taking the law into their own hands way of dealing with criminals that had existed for hundreds of years, to a more structured system of law enforcement and criminal punishment. Charlemagne introduced legal cases and a judicial system within each district that consisted of a count passing judgement and delivering sentences. This movement was a key component of the development of early medieval monarchy, as both the French and German monarchies, after the collapse of the Frankish empire, followed this more structured judicial system, and it could be argued that Charlemagne founded the beginnings of a judicial system, the likes of which are in existence in western civilisation today. Furthermore; Charlemagne established the office of the so called reprimandary witnesses who were required to bring crimes to the attention of the court if the victims did not do so themselves Thus, Charlemagne took it upon himself to enforce justice within his empire, and by establishing these offices his aim was to see the criminal members of society reap the rewards of their actions, even if victims themselves did not desire to carry the criminals actions forwards. However, such matters are not as black and white as Charlemagne imagined them to be, and it is debatable as to what extent Charlemagne was able to fulfil his goal. Nonetheless Charlemagnes judiciary reforms were key in the development of early medieval monarchy as many monarchs sought inspiration from Charlemagnes founding judicial system basis, and they also encouraged a more civilised society in the early medieval ages. Charlemagne certainly sought to improve the administration of the empire as a whole, reforming various aspects of administration. One of his reforms related to his persistent aim of exerting a greater level of control over his empire. He established middle authorities in each region, to oversee local officials. Thus, in a sense Charlemagne inaugurated a form of local government. However, he amended this system over the years, he grew distrustful of those he had sent to oversee, as he believed them to be open to bribery. Hence, he instead chose archbishops, dukes, and abbots; generally members of high nobility, whom he did not believe to be open to bribery. It can be said that a key theme of Charlemagnes reign was justice. Charlemagne wanted it not only for himself but also for every loyal subject of his empire, as exhibited through his judiciary reforms and distaste for subjects whom used their positions for their own selfish benefits. In Einhards Vita Karoli Magni or Life of Charlemagne, Einhard states how Charlemagne also made reforms relating to the language of the Franks; ‘He began a grammar of his native language and the history of his people; ‘he had the old rude songs that celebrate the deeds and wars of the ancient kings written out for transmission to posterity. Thus Charlemagne was keen to preserve the history of the ancient kings. Furthermore; Charlemagne had an important role in determining the immediate economic future of Europe. He got rid of the gold currency and implemented a new silver currency. Additionally, Charlemagne standardised currency throughout most of Europe, abolishing many of the local currencies in existence. This monetary standard remained the basis for the currency for a long time. Hence, Charlemagne instigated economic reforms that were key to the development of the early medieval monarchy as he standardised currency throughout Europe, and implemented changes that remained in place in Europe for a very long time. The Carolingian renaissance is also believed to be a requisite to the development of the early medieval monarchy. Similar to the renaissance that occurred in the early modern period, it was characterised by the re discovery of ancient roman works, the flourishing of art and literature. Charlemagne was a very keen advocate of education, even returning to education himself, although he never learnt to write. He did however study grammar, logic and astronomy. Furthermore, some of the earliest manuscripts still in survival today are from the Carolingian era.Charlemagne also introduced the use of the classical Latin language as the language of scholarly study ‘Thus, the West saw the development of a pure language, which was used almost exclusively by the learned, and from which the romance languages grew increasingly distinct Hence, he increased the availability of education within his realm, increasing monastic schools. Therefore, Charlemagnes keenness for education was important t o the development of the early medieval monarchy as it lead to a period of greater emphasis on education, a pattern that following monarchs were keen to emulate, and ultimately led to a greater number of educated persons within western civilisation. Charlemagnes reforms influenced nearly every corner of society, including the Church. Charlemagne was an extremely pious man and sought to be the ideal embodiment of both a Christian man and King. Charlemagne asked the Pope to send him texts on church law. This Dionysio-Hadriana was used enthusiastically in the Frankish kingdom. By doing this Charlemagne encouraged future monarchs to take a more scholarly than blind approach to the Church. Charlemagne was also very interested in Church music and encouraged the spread of proper church liturgies throughout his empire, taking a personal interest in papal music, and banning melodies such as those found in Milan. Charlemagne also introduced changes to the organisation of the military service. Obligation to military service of the empire was based upon personal wealth and Charlemagne instigated reforms that would make it fair for those obliged to join the military, based on the individuals wealth. Charlemagne ordered that every tenant with three to five so-called hides (homesteads), as well as the holders of fiefs, were required to serve against the enemy. Many monarchs followed these reforms in the early medieval period. In conclusion, Charlemagne was certainly a founding father of Europe. He strove to implement justice in his empire and he instigated reforms in almost every important aspect of early medieval society. Charlemagnes reign was a period of change for Western Civilisation. However, it is foolish to assume that all these reforms were greatly successful, as not all were, for example Charlemagnes judicial reforms. However, early medieval monarchs followed Charlemagnes reforms, as they were eager to reach the level of power and prestige, which Charlemagne had possessed, Charlemagnes reign saw the emergence of Western civilisation, a civilisation that moved away in terms of religion, currency and thought from the East. Furthermore, Charlemagne made it easier for other early medieval monarchs to govern and handle their kingdoms, for example his judicial reforms made law enforcement an easier task for future monarchs, as he had recorded laws in a written form and implemented a sort of court syst em throughout his empire. Ultimately Charlemagnes reign was not only very important in the development of early medieval monarchy, but also important in the development and advancement of western civilisation. His reign has no doubt affected the world in which we live today. Bibliography Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) ‘Charlemagne, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p. 19 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p. 99 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p.100 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003) p.105 Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) p.11 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.106 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.106 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.108 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.108 Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) p.11 Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne, translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York, 1880) p.11 ‘Charlemagne, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne [accessed 31 August 2009] Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p. 112 ‘Charlemagne, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne [accessed 31 August 2009] Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.116 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.115 Matthias Becher, Charlemagne (London 2nd Ed, 2003 p.113

The Corruption in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Ha

The Corruption in William Shakespeare's Hamlet Central to the plot and the themes developed in Shakespeare's Hamlet, are the varying elements of corruption which occur during the play. This is echoed in Marcellus' famous comment of 'Something is rotten in the state of Denmark,' when Hamlet is beckoned away by the Ghost (1.4.90). As the play continues and the story enfolds, it becomes apparent that there truly is 'something rotten in the state of Denmark,' and rather that it is not just one 'something,' but many things. The most obvious example of corruption is the story of the late King Hamlet's murder by his brother Claudius. When Prince Hamlet goes to speak with the Ghost he learns that his father's death was not an accident, as was officially reported, but instead that it was a 'Murder most foul . . . strange and unnatural,' (1.5.27-28) committed by King Hamlet's brother who 'Now wears his crown' (1.5.39). While this act was committed before the play even begins, it sets the stage for all the events which follow, descending into a state just as corrupt as this first crime. A continuance of the murder of the King, is the soon following marriage of the widowed Queen to none other than Claudius, the murderer. While the Queen does not know that Claudius killed her former husband, her part in the relationship is not wholly innocent. Her mourning seems minimal and her lustfulness maximal, for 'But two months dead' (1.2.138) was the King before 'She married . . . With such dexterity to incestuous sheets' (1.2.156-157). This image of a corrupted or damned royalty is strongly played up, especially by Hamlet, who recognizes this new union of Claudius and his mother as incredibly demeaning to the state of Denmark, and a ... ...n guilty head, affecting the whole state of Denmark. By using murder and deception to gain the throne, as soon as Claudius assumes it, it is irrevocably tainted. Marrying the brother of her dead husband, the Queen's bed becomes 'A couch for luxury and damned insect' (1.5.83). The games and favors played to please the King, the spying, the secrets kept, and the lies told, all come back with a sentence of death. Even the fight between Hamlet and Laertes is not fair, with a poison tipped weapon and a poisoned drink, conspiracies of the King to ensure Hamlet's death, but which claim the life of the Queen, Laertes, and himself also. All of these events culminate in Act V to eventually destroy the royalty of Denmark with no member surviving the duration of the play, proving for any doubting member of the audience that something truly was 'rotten in the state of Denmark.'

Bacterial Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is one of the basic methods by which simple organisms, such as the single-celled bacterium, reproduce. It is a very basic form of copulation that often involves a transfer of DNA but no recombination following the said transfer. It occurs following the docking together of two bacteria, a donor and a recipient. It is sex in the bacterial world. The process of conjugation is made possible by â€Å"the presence of certain plasmids in the donor bacteria that possess genes for making the proteins involved in docking and transfer.† (The Columbia encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2004) These plasmids are the ones carried forward from one bacteria to the other bacteria. A plasmid is an â€Å"extra-chromosomal† piece of bacterial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Plasmids are maintained inside the bacterial cell, replicating fast enough until they are passed on to bacterial progeny as the bacteria divide. Plasmids are just like chromosomes. They are circular and essen tially double-stranded DNA.The distinct characteristics that set apart plasmids from chromosomes are in their size and the genes that they carry. Plasmids are much smaller in size than chromosomes. Plasmids carry only genes that are essential. Bacteria are an interesting group of organism. In order to better comprehend how bacteria multiplies, and replicates its genes, there is a need to understand its structure. Bacteria are â€Å"microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organisms characterised by the lack of a membrane-bound organelles.† (The Columbia encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2004) Bacteria are remarkably adaptable to diverse environmental conditions: they are found in the bodies of all living organisms and on all parts of the earth — in land terrain and ocean depths, in arctic ice and glaciers, in hot springs, and even in the stratosphere. Most bacteria are of one of three typical shapes — rod-shaped (bacillus), round (coccus), and spiral (spirillum). The cytop lasm and plasma membrane of most bacterial cells are surrounded by a cell wall.In bacteria, the genetic material is organized in a continuous strand of DNA. This circle of DNA is localized in an area called the nucleoid, but there is no membrane surrounding a defined nucleus. In addition to the nucleoid, the bacterial cell may include one or more plasmids. Some bacteria are capable of specialized type of genetic recombination which involves the transfer of nucleic acid by individual contact, that is, the process of conjugation. Recombination involves a â€Å"process of shuffling genes by which new combinations can be generated.† (The Columbia encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2004) Genetic recombination in bacteria may be mediated by transformation, transduction, or conjugation. In these methods, genetic transfers occur unidirectionally from donor to recipient bacteria and only a fraction of the genetic material of a donor cell is transferred to a recipient, which, on the other han d, contributes its cytoplasm as well as its entire genome. In conjugation, the genetic contribution of the donor (male) is incomplete and is genetically and physiologically determined.In so doing, â€Å"the system of conjugation is well adapted to providing information about the nature and organization of the bacterial chromosome as a whole as well as to the study of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. † (Burdette et. al. 1963) In E. coli bacteria, the transmissible sex factor responsible for the donor state, and thus for fertility, was called F, donor cells being F+ and recipient cell F-. From population of F+ cells, strains of a new type of donor called Hfr (for high frequency of recombination) were occasionally isolated.Both F+ and Hfr donors share the following characteristics that distinguish with F- recipients: they possess similar surface properties that enable them to pair specifically and to mate with F- cells with comparable efficiency; they have the actual or potenti al ability to transfer genetic determinants to recipients, although the nature of the determinants so transferred by the two types of donor may be of quite different kinds; each type of donor has the potentiality to mutate to the other or to the F- type; and both types are under the control of a specific genetic structure, the sex factor F.F functions as a genetic particle insofar as it is stably inheritable by progeny, is transmissible in crosses, and is the determinant of those properties that characterize donor cells. (Burdette et. al. 1963) The facts recounted above and the interpretations they have engendered may now be brought together to form a unified picture of the mating system in E. coli. The sexual differentiation of E. coli into males and females is genetically controlled by the presence or absence of a sex factor, F, that has the properties of an episome and is more akin in its behavior to temperate bacteriophage than to a normal genetic determinant.The propensities of male cells, in turn, are governed by the state in which the sex factor exists in them. F+ male cells, which harbor the sex factor in its autonomous state, preserve a continuous linkage group and, on conjugation, transfer only their sex factor and other extrachromosomal elements to females. They have the potentiality, however, to generate a spectrum of Hfr male types, each characterized by a linear, transferable chromosome the extremities of which are defined by the integration of the sex factor at one of a variety of chromosomal sites; only the proximal part of the linear chromosome is transferred with high efficiency.Such modified sex factors serve as efficient vehicles for the transport to female cells of their incorporated segments of male chromosome, with the result that stable, partial diploids for various regions of the chromosome can readily be synthesized. (Burdette et. al. 1963) Formation of the zygote extends from the initial collision between an Hfr and an F- cell to the completion of chromosomal transfer and comprises the stages of collision, effective contact formation, and chromosomal transfer.In interrupted mating, a number of different Hfr markers are selected, each is found to enter the zygotes at a different time that is specific for each marker under standard conditions. The times of entry of the various markers correspond to their order of arrangement on the chromosome and are proportional to their distances from O where O indicates the extremity (leading locus) which first penetrates the recipient cells during conjugation. The peculiarity of conjugation resides in the mechanism by which genetic transfer is accomplished.This is expressed by the fact that, when different selections are made, the different genetic characters of a given Hfr strain are transmitted to recombinants with different frequencies depending on their distances from O. The system thus lends itself to an original and convenient method of mapping, in terms of time of tran sfer. Moreover, mapping is greatly facilitated by the availability of a number of different Hfr strains that transfer different parts of the chromosome at high frequency. In all systems other than conjugation in E.coli, the only practical way of measuring the distance between genetic loci is by comparing the frequency with which recombination occurs between them. In conjugation two additional methods of measurement are available, in terms of transfer time and of the decay of P32 atoms, both of which are absolute and independent of the recombination process and so provide the means of interpreting recombinational events in physical terms. Therefore, bacterial conjugation’s significance in gene mapping exists in its capability to determine the precise positioning of genes on the genome. Studies concerning a peculiar bacterial strain, E.coli Hfr, which engaged in conjugation with surprising frequency, paved the way for its use in 21st century genetics. â€Å"By sundering conjug al bugs at various times during mating, geneticists Francois Jacob and Elie Wollman were able to determine that the male transferred a complete copy of its genome like one long piece of spaghetti. The implications of the notorious â€Å"coitus interruptus† experiment and the resulting â€Å"spaghetti hypothesis† were clear: by carefully monitoring the time at which each trait was transferred, the two researchers could determine the precise positioning of genes on the genome.In this way they plotted the first crude genomic map of a bacterium. † (Hirsch 1999, p. 145) References Burdette, WJ 1963, Methodology in Basic Genetics, Holden-Day, San Francisco. Hirsch, AE (1999, Spring). Of Flies, Mice and Men†, American Scholar, p. 145. Johnson, AD (2002, Spring). â€Å"Living with Microbes†, The Wilson Quarterly, pp. 42+. Rheinberger, HJ (ed. ) & Gaudilliere, JP 2004, Classical Genetic Research and Its Legacy: The Mapping Cultures of Twentieth-Century Geneti cs, Routledge, New York.

Outcasts of Poker Flat Essay Example

Outcasts of Poker Flat Essay Example Outcasts of Poker Flat Paper Outcasts of Poker Flat Paper There, the armed men warn the outcasts not to return to Poker Flat under penalty of death. . On their way Into exile, uncle Billy and the women bitterly bemoan their fate while Croakers remains quiet. They head for Sandy Bar, a days travel away over steep mountains. The road is narrow and the air dry and cold in the foothills of the mountains. They plod on until noon, when the Duchess declares she can go no farther. Croakers wants to go on lest the party run out of provisions. However, his fellow travelers stay put, using liquor to comfort them. Uncle Billy goes into a stupor, the Duchess becomes tearfully emotional, and Mother Spittoon falls asleep. Croakers does not drink. As a gambler, he had cultivated the habit of staying sober. .. While observing his surroundings- the mountains, the pine trees, the cloudy sky, the valley below-he sees a horseman coming toward him. It Is young Tom Jimson, from whom Croakers had once won $40 In Sandy Bar. Croakers returned the money saying, Tommy, youre a good little man, but you cant gamble worth a cent. Dont try it over again. Because of that magnanimous gesture, Tom admires Croakers as something of a god. When Tom greets Croakers, he tells him a little about himself. He had decided to leave Sandy Bar and go to Poker Flat, he says, with his sweetheart Piney Woods to make his fortune and marry Piney. Her father, Jake Woods, had opposed the marriage, so they had no alternative but to run away. Piney, who is plumy attractive, rides up Just thendemure and embarrassed and innocentfrom behi nd a pine tree. Uncle Billy is about to say something untoward when Croakers kicks him. Anyway, it seems young Tom and Piney want to Join Croakers and his company of outcasts, but Croakers-who doesnt want them tagging along-points out that they have no provisions and no place to stay. However, Tom says he has a pack mule loaded with supplies. He also found an abandoned log house nearby. It Is a roofless ruin, but It goes have walls. .Piney can stay with Mrs.. Croakers, the youth says. He thinks ten Duchess Is narrators welt. NC e Billy Is auto to laugh Duty remembers Sauerkrauts foot. So he walks off up the canyon, out of hearing range, then does his laughing. When he returns, everybody is sitting by a fire talking. At that moment, an idea pops into his alcoholic brain, causing him so much amusement that he shoves a fist into his mouth to stifle a laugh. . That night, the women sleep in the cabin and the men near the fire. Just before dawn, Croakers awakens and sees snow. Uncle Billy is gone. So are all the animals. Fortunately, though, all the supplies had been placed in the cabin. . . At first light, the snow is coming down hard and further travel is out of the question. Croakers tells Tom that Uncle Billy must have gotten up in the night and spooked the mules, then ran off after them. No sense frightening the young people, he thinks. But the Duchess and Mother Spittoon realize what had happened-thieving Billy took them. .. Tom immediately offers to share his supplies and seems to look forward to the time all of them will be spending together. Well have a good camp for a week, he says, and then the snowball melt .. Len the evening, everyone is cheerful. As they sit around the fire, they sing songs. Piney manages to force tunes from Toms accordion while he raps two bone castanets. The storm stops at midnight and the skies open to glittering stars. Tom and Croakers take turns keeping watch, but the latter does most of the watching. Hes used to going without sleep because of his frequent all-night poker games. .. The next day, huge snowdrifts surround the cabin. In the distance, miles away, smoke curls up from Poker flat. Mother Spittoon curses the town. She then sets herself to the task of amusing Piney. After another day, they all sit again at the fire. However, the music begins to lose its magic as the food supply dwindles and hunger creeps into their stomachs. Piney proposes that they tell stories. Croakers, the Duchess, and Mother Spittoon are less than enthusiastic about this idea, but Tom takes to it, noting that he had recently read Alexander Popes rendition of Homers ancient Greek classic, The Iliad. So they listen as the youth recites portions of the tale and mangles the pronunciation of names He pronounces the name of famous Greek hero Achilles as Ash-heels. . A week passes and snow falls again. Eventually, the drifts around the cabin reach 20 feet. The fire is harder and harder to maintain because wood is less plentiful. But no one complains, although Mother Spittoon is sick and failing fast. . At midnight on the 10th day, Mother Spittoon-now in a very bad way-tells Croakers to open a bundle under her head and give the food in it to Tom and Piney. When Croakers opens it, he discovers a full week of rations. She had been saving her food for the young people. Mother Spittoon then turns away and dies. They place her body in the snow. . .. At daylight, Croakers reveals a pair of snowshoes he made out f a pack saddle, then tells Tom to use them to reach Poker Flat. Its the only way to save his sweetheart, he says. Croakers says he will walk out a little way with Tom, then return. Before leaving, he kisses the Duchess, which amazes her. . At nightfall, there is no sign of Croakers. It is snowing again. While the Duchess tends the fire, she notices that someone had piled wood next to the fire-enough to keep it going a good while longer. Tears well in her eyes, but she doesnt let Piney see them. The snow, meanwhile, continues through the next day and into the evening. The women now realize the end is near. In the morning, they lack the strength to keep the fire going, and it slowly dies. Piney, can you pray? the Duchess says. NO, dear. . The Duchess puts her head on Pines shoulder and they fall asleep. They sleep the rest of the day and into the next. Then voices and footsteps break the silence around the cabin and a hand brushes snow from the faces of the two women. The narrator says, Mimi could scarcely have told from the equal peace that dwelt upon them, which was she that sinned. Even the law of Poker Flat recognized this, and turned away, leaving them still locked in each others arms. . N a nearby pine tree is a knife stuck through the two of clubs. On the card is a message written in pencil: BENEATH THIS TREE LIES THE BODY OF JOHN CROAKERS, WHO STRUCK A STREAK OF BAD LUCK ON THE ADD OF NOVEMBER, 1850, AND HANDED IN HIS CHECKS ON THE 7TH DECEMBER, 1850. . At his side is a Derringer, which had put a bullet through his heart. He had been the strongest and yet the weakest of the outcasts of Poker Flat. Setting The action takes place in California between November 23 and December 7, 1850, when towns grew up from the influx of people seeking fortunes by mining for gold. Characters John Croakers: Professional gambler who is forced out of the town of Poker Flat as an undesirable because he wins so much money from the townspeople. The Duchess and Mother Spittoon: Prostitutes who are also banished from Poker Flat. Uncle Billy: Thief and drunkard who is likewise forced out of town. Tom Jimson: Young man who leaves town and Joins Croakers and the other outcasts. He admires Croakers, who returned $40 he had won from Billy after feeling sorry for him. Piney Woods: Toms sweetheart, who leaves town with him. They had planned to marry in Poker Flat. Jim Wheeler: Resident of Poker Flat who bemoans the loss of money to Croakers. Jake Woods: Pines father. He is referred to in the story but plays no active role in it. Type of Work and Publication Date The Outcasts of Poker Flat is a short story. It first appeared in Overland Monthly in January 1869, when Heart was the editor of the publication. Themes Hidden Goodness There is goodnessand even heroismin the heart of many of societys outcasts. John Croakers, the Duchess, Mother Spittoon all behave selflessly when death creeps up on them. For example, they treat the two young people with utmost consideration and kindness. Croakers could have used his snowshoes to return to civilization; instead, he gave them to Tom Jimson. Mother Spittoon and the Duchess act as surrogate mothers to Piney Woods. Except for Uncle Billy, all the characters are tolerant of one another as they attempt to keep up their spirits under extremely difficult circumstances. Mother Spittoon, the Duchess, and Piney Woods die nobly and courageously. Unrest snoozes silence, revealing Tanat en was at once ten strongest and yet the weakest of the outcasts of Poker Flat, the narrator says. Hypocrisy The citizens of Poker Flats secret committee appear upright and Just, at least to themselves. However, in regard to John Croakers, they are hypocrites. After all, they sat down at the poker table with him, becoming gamblers themselves. But after losing money to him, they run him out of town. One citizen, John Wheeler, even suggests hanging him, then taking back their money. Indifference of Nature Nature shows no mercy to the outcasts. After Poker Flat rejects them, heavy snow isolates them. The sky clears, offering them hope, only to form new clouds that bring more snow. John Croakers may be a poker player par excellence, but he cannot defeat Mother Nature. Climax The climax of The Outcasts of Poker Flat occurs when John Croakers fails to return o the cabin after seeing off Tom Jimson on the latters snowshoe trek back to Poker Flat. It is at this point that the Duchess and Piney accept the imminence of death. Heart as a Local Colorist Bret Heart is among the American writers associated with the local-color genre. Besides presenting narratives in a regional dialect, local-color writers, or local colorist, attempted to portray life in the various sections of burgeoning America. Heart, for example, focused many of his stories on the gold-mining camps and towns. However, rather than writing soberly realistic stories, local colorist tended to write Tories infused with eccentrics as characters and whimsical plotting, according to William Flint Thrall and Addison Hubbard, authors of A Handbook to Literature (266). Thrall and Hubbard also note that local colorist emphasized verisimilitude of detail without being concerned often enough about truth to the larger aspects of life or human nature (266). Work Cited Thrall, William Flint and Addison Hubbard. A Handbook to Literature. Revised and enlarged by C. Hugh Holman. New York: The . Odyssey Press, 1960. Critical Reception The Outcasts of Poker Flat and similar stories of Heart were highly acclaimed and ideal popular in the decade or so after Heart published them, earning him substantial money and a worldwide audience. Although this story and others of his remain popular today, critics now believe he was far overrated as a stylist because of his use of sentimentality and because of lack of originality in his themes and plots. However, there can be no gainsaying that he invented stock character types later imitated in western novels and films. These character types include the roving gambler, like John Croakers, and the tainted ladies with hearts of gold, like the Duchess and Mother Spittoon. Overall, one may fairly say that Heart was an appealing and influential writer, but probably not great one. Bret Heart 1869 The Outcasts of Poker Flat was first published in the January, 1869, issue of the Overland Monthly magazine, which Bret Heart edited. At the time, Heart was on the threshold of national fame. The success of his short story The Luck of Roaring Camp the year before had elevated the twenty-nine-year-old writer to a position of literary prominence. Critics praised The Outcasts of Poker Flat as a suitable follow-up that controller Hearts stature as one AT ten most promising new autonomous In ten unlace States. By 1871 Heart was not only the highest paid writer in the country, but also one of the most popular. He was a regular contributor to the Atlantic Monthly, one of the most popular magazines of the day. Although both Hearts popularity and critical admiration for his work have declined in subsequent years, The Outcasts of Poker Flat remains an important piece of American literature and one of the best tales of the rough-and-tumble days of the California Gold Rush. In his use of the Western setting and local color, Heart proved to be a model for other authors, including Mark Twain, whose career he helped launch. Indeed, the familiarity of many of Hearts characterizations ? the quick-witted gambler or the prostitute with a heart of gold ? attest to the durability of his impact on popular culture. Heart first Journeyed to the American West in 1854 and was advantageously positioned to observe one of the key events of the nineteenth century, the California Gold Rush. This setting in The Outcasts of Poker Flat is used as a forum to explore themes of tolerance and forgiveness, appearance and reality, and the ominous power of nature. Plot Summary The Outcasts of Poker Flat is set near a California mining community during November of 1850. Experimenting with the effectiveness of vigilante Justice, the residents of Poker Flat hope to improve the town by expelling a group of undesirables. Among these objectionable characters are professional gambler John Croakers; a prostitute known as Duchess; her madam, Mother Spittoon; and Uncle Billy, the town drunkard and a suspected thief. The foursome is escorted to the edge of Poker Flat and forbidden to return at the peril of their lives. With no apparent alternative, the group heads toward the next settlement, Sandy Bar. However, the journey requires passage over a difficult mountain trail. Less than midway to their destination, the group becomes exhausted and decides to camp for the night. Croakers argues that they should continue on because they lack the provisions to stop safely. The party is unconcerned, ignores him, and opts to consume its supply of liquor. Later, a horseman from Sandy Bar arrives at the camp. His name is Tom Jimson, and he is also referred to as the Innocent. He is traveling with his fifteen- year-old fiance, Piney Woods. The two have eloped and are on their way to Poker Flat to be married. Jimson is an acquaintance of Croakers, having once lost forty dollars to him in a poker game. However, Croakers had taken pity on the Innocent and returned his money, advising him never to gamble again. As a result, Jimson perceives Croakers as a genuine friend and quickly offers to share his provisions with the foursome. Jimson directs the party to an abandoned cabin nearby, and they take shelter there for the night. The next morning Croakers is the first to rise and discovers that Uncle Billy has stolen their mules during the night. Furthermore, the winter snows have begun and left the party trapped in the valley. To avoid frightening Jimson and Piney, Croakers persuades the Duchess and Mother Spittoon o keep Billys theft a secret. Jimson has enough food to last the party ten days and enthusiastically offers to share. Unaware of the gravity of the situation, he envisions the group enjoying a happy camp until the snow melts. During the next week, the party remains trapped in the valley. Jimson and Piney not only remain naive about their chances of survival, but also about the reputations of the outcasts. They view the other women with respect and admiration. Unaccustomed to such kindness, the prostitutes Decode motherly toward Plane Ana are move Day ten celerity AT ten couples love. After ten days in the cabin, Mother Spittoon dies of starvation. She had been saving her rations and makes a final request for Croakers to give them to Piney. Realizing they are probably doomed, Croakers instructs Jimson to attempt a hike to Poker Flat to get help. The gambler then gathers a supply of firewood for Duchess and Piney and disappears. Several days later a rescue party arrives, only to discover the frozen bodies of the women huddled together inside the cabin. Croakers is found nearby with a pistol by his side and a bullet through his heart, and with a suicide note written on a playing card pinned to a tree above his body. Characters Duchess Duchess, a prostitute, is one of four individuals expelled from Poker Flat when the townspeople there decided to evict the undesirables. As the group of outcasts are making their way to Sandy Bar, she complains constantly, causing the group to stop short of their destination. When Piney Woods and Tom Jimson Join the group and they become trapped by the snow, Duchess becomes more cheerful and nurturing toward Piney. When the rescuers finally reach the group, they find Duchess and Piney huddle d together, dead, and by then it is impossible to determine which was she that had sinned. Innocent, the See Tom Jimson John Croakers John Croakers is one of four individuals who were expelled from Poker Flat when its townspeople decided to run out the undesirables. Croakers is a professional gambler noted for his coolness, impassiveness, and presence of mind. When young Tom Jimson and Piney Woods Join the outcasts, the reader learns that Croakers once returned to Jimson forty dollars that he won from the youth in a poker game, advising him to stay away from cards. When the outcasts are trapped by a snowstorm, Croakers assumes leadership of the group. After putting together a shift pair of snowshoes, he gives them to Jimson, instructing him to go to Poker Flat and bring help. When the rescue party finally arrives, Croakers has killed himself, revealing himself to be the strongest and yet the weakest of the outcasts of Poker Flat. Mother Spittoon Mother Spittoon, presumably the madam of the prostitute Duchess, is one of four individuals expelled from Poker Flat when the townspeople decided to rid the community of undesirables. Although she is accused of immorality, Mother Spittoon displays her true qualities when the outcasts are trapped in the snowstorm. Hoping to save Piney Woods, Mother Spittoon hoards her own share of the food instead of eating it. Shortly before she dies of starvation, she tells Croakers to give her rations to the bride-to-be so that she will have a better chance of surviving. Tom Jimson Tom Jimson is a guileless youth who is traveling to Poker Flat with his bride-to-be, Piney Woods, when they encounter the outcasts. On the basis of an earlier encounter with Croakers, Jimson decides to assist the outcasts, whom he treats with respect, ignorant of their undesirable status. Jimson is the lone survivor of the ordeal that ensues. Uncle Billy Uncle Billy, a suspected thief and confirmed drunkard, is one of the undesirables cast out of Poker Flat. Unlike the others, Uncle Billy scoffs at the innocence of Tom Salmons Ana Piney coos. During ten inlet en makes Totally ten groups Norse Ana mules, stranding them as it begins to snow. Piney Woods Piney Woods, a stout, comely damsel of fifteen, is Tom Simians bride-to-be. Piney has no understanding of the outcasts unsanitary reputations and treats them with courtesy and respect. In response to this kindness, they develop an affection for her hat intensifies as they observe her love for Jimson. She and Duchess freeze to death before rescuers can reach them. Themes The Outcasts of Poker Flat tells the story of four individuals exiled from a frontier town because of their alleged immorality. A blizzard traps them and a pair of innocent young lovers, leading to tragic consequences. Appearances and Reality At the beginning of the story, the four outcasts are described as improper persons, and their initial actions suggest that, except for Croakers, they are foul-mouthed, lazy, and prone to drunkenness. However, because they come from another talented, Tom and Piney know little about these strangers, and their perceptions are not clouded by the prejudices of the people in Poker Flat. In a previous brief encounter with Croakers, Tom had found him to be kind and gentlemanly, so Tom treats him as a gentleman rather than as a shifty card shark. The young couple assumes that the prostitute Duchess is Mrs.. Croakers, and Piney imagines that the women from Poker Flat must be ladies of a high social standing who are used to fine things. The discrepancy between appearance and reality becomes most apparent when the party is trapped in the snowstorm. Mother Spittoon may indeed be a madam, but she also shows herself to be compassionate and heroic when she sacrifices her life in an effort to save Piney. Likewise Duchess, the soiled sister, evolves into a companion and protector for Piney. By the end of the story, observers cannot determine which was she that had sinned. Croakers, the member of the party who appeared the most calm during the ordeal, eventually cannot play against unfavorable odds any longer and commits suicide. Throughout the story, Heart demonstrates that where human nature is concerned, reality is often more complex than appearances indicate. Change and Transformation Related to the themes of appearance and reality are the issues of change and transformation. During their period of confinement, the outcasts, particularly the two prostitutes, experience a type of metamorphosis. At first the women appear self- centered and dismissive of Tom and Piney and contemptuous of their naivetà ©. But as the group grows closer, these feelings shift to motherly affection, particularly toward Piney. One suspects the sincerity of the young lovers allows Duchess and Mother Spittoon openly to display aspects of their personalities they had previously chosen to once. Croakers also undergoes a transformation, though a less uplifting one. Until the end of the story, Croakers is portrayed as others see him and as he sees himself, as a person noted for coolness, impassiveness, and presence of mind. He is the first to grasp the groups predicament and quickly assumes command in the emergency. Toms earlier experience with him shows that he has always had a streak of kindness and protectiveness toward those younger and weaker than himself, and in the isolated community of outcasts this quickly develops into a thoughtful solicitude for his companions. When it is revealed that he killed himself, it is hard to say whether this represents a change in him or simply reveals a weakness that has always been anneal Detent n Nils apparent strength n. Fate Ana chance Chance plays a critical role in the demise of the stranded travelers. Many developments within the narrative rely on random occurrences. Among the many examples, one can argue that if the outcasts did not stop for the night or had begun their Journey one day earlier, they would have missed the snow and reached Sandy Bar. Similarly, if Tom and Piney had continued on their way rather than staying with he outcasts, they could have avoided the storm. However, one could also argue that if Croakers had sent Tom for help earlier, or had struggled to keep the fire lit rather than killing himself, most of the group might have survived. Heart uses the character of Croakers to develop the theme of fate. As too much of a gambler not to accept fate, Croakers explains that with luck all you know for certain is that its bound to change. Once the party is stranded, Sauerkrauts gambling philosophy creates a dilemma for him. Having experienced a streak of bad luck since the group left Poker Flat, the gamblers experiences suggest that eventually this misfortune should pass. However, it is also the gamblers prerogative to opt out of the game if he does not like the odds, and Croakers estimates their odds of surviving as one in a hundred. His suicide note, declaring that he struck a streak of bad luck and handed in his c hecks, attests to his inability to resist despair when the odds on their fate seem stacked against him. Heroism To many readers, an important message of the story is that society often fails to recognize the true heroes and heroines in its midst. One can certainly argue this is the case with the sacrifice of Mother Spittoon as well as the selfless devotion of Duchess. In both cases, women condemned by society prove themselves to be morally superior to their Judges. The suicide of Croakers provides further comment on the nature of heroism. Throughout the story, he appears to be the leader of the party and the individual most likely to devise their escape, but ultimately he gives up the struggle and fails to save either the group or himself. Style The setting of The Outcasts of Poker Flat is of major importance. The story occurs in November, 1850, during the heyday of the California Gold Rush. At that time, law and order on the mining frontier was often synonymous with vigilante Justice, in which townspeople took matters into their own hands. Communities such as Poker Flat generally operated outside the reach of established Judicial systems, and the type of vigilante activity Heart depicts was an accepted part of everyday life. The story is set in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, a remote area in eastern California where the sudden occurrence of a winter storm could easily result in death for travelers. The most famous example of such a misfortune is the ill-fated Donned Party of 1846, in which twelve travelers starved to death and the remaining members resorted to cannibalism. This tragedy was highly publicized for years afterwards and was undoubtedly familiar to the original readers of this story. In an era before automobiles, or extensive railways, the fear of being stranded while traveling was real and vivid. Genre Genre is the term used to denote a category of literature. The Outcasts of Poker Flat is above all, a Western story. Other types of genre literature are science fiction, horror, and romance. Genre works can be identified by their conventions; some of the conventions AT westerns are Tanat teen take place on ten Trotter, teen contact g guys and bad guys, female characters are either virtuous or fallen, and conflicts that result in showdowns or gunfights often end in death. All of these elements are prominent in Hearts story; one might say that the showdown is the battle between the travelers and Mother Nature. Comic Relief Although Hearts story is essentially a tragedy, the narrative contains moments of humor. Rather than the story containing a humorous character per SE, the story pity arises from the narrators understatement and sometimes condescending tone towards the characters. As an example, the narrator comments that notwithstanding some difficulties attending the manipulation of this instrument, Piney Woods managed to pluck several reluctant melodies from its keys. Elsewhere, the narrator evaluates Toms recitation skills by stating he had thoroughly mastered the argument and fairly forgotten the words. Critics often cited Hearts ability to balance the tragic and the comic as one of his strongest skills as a writer. Historical Context Gold Fever and the Manifest Destiny During the late sass, Hearts tales of the California Gold Rush elevated him to a position of national fame. For the remainder of his career, he utilized the West as the setting for his stories and the inspiration for his lectures on life in the gold mines. Americans throughout the country were fascinated by the expansion of the country and tales of the wild West became part of the national consciousness. At the time of their publication, Hearts stories were primarily an idealized vision of an era that had recently passed. By the sass, the West was becoming more and more settled, and he vigilante Justice of the frontier days was fast fading. While the settlement of the West remained an important topic for books and magazines, it is important to note that The Outcasts of Poker Flat appeared less than four years after the end of the Civil War. For a nation exhausted by war, Hearts story of heroics and tolerance recalled a happier period of innocence and opportunity. It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of the Gold Rush as a historical event; within two years, the sparsely settled territory of California had become the fastest growing state in the union. As spring miners arrived from Europe, Asia, South America, and virtually every American state, the population of San Francisco leaped from approximately 800 people in 1848 to over 40,000 in 1850. Although the frenzy for prospecting subsided by the late sass, California was left with an infrastructure for industry, transportation, and agriculture that would have taken decades to develop under normal circumstances. For Americans of the day, the rapid settlement of California validated the doctrine of Manifest Destiny: the belief that it was Gods will for the nation to expand across the continent. However, romanticizes depictions of the Gold Rush often overlook the unhappy outcome of the event for many prospectors. Relatively few of the errs managed to accumulate genuine wealth. Although most prospectors were successful in locating gold, the high cost of living in California prevented miners from pocketing much of their newfound riches. An additional consequence of the Gold Rush was the near-destruction of Californians Native American population. The area contained dozens of autonomous Indian tribes, most of which resided in the regions which were the primary centers for mining activity. As a result, these cultures were the victims of both disease and military attacks and ere nearing extinction Day ten B/Us country Longs Tort a More Simple Lime Hearts fiction was not only a depiction of the past, but it was also a reaction to contemporary events. The American Civil War had halted westward migration from 1861 to 1865. Once the hostilities had ended, though, the nation was anxious to resume its expansion. Although the Pacific shore had been transformed into a center for industry and commerce, the vast area of the Great Plains remained largely unsettled by whites. Like 1849, the late sass was an era of movement into new lands. Even though the post-bellum years were perceived to be a time of imminent opportunity, much of the nation was suffering from the effects of the war. The South was in ruins and resentful of the policies of Reconstruction. The country as a whole experienced a series of financial depressions as the economy readjusted to peacetime conditions. Ulysses S. Grants 1868 election to the presidency marked the beginning of an era of widespread and highly publicized governmental corruption. Therefore it is not surprising that Hearts vision of a Western society populated with shrewd but valorous individuals such as John Croakers would resonate with readers of the day. Anxious to overlook their own shortcomings and to escape the troubles of the present, audiences looked to authors such as Heart to evoke a noble past to which they could hope to return in the future. Compare Contrast sass: The United States embraces the concept of Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in an article in the July-August, 1845, issue of United States Magazine and Democratic Review. The phrase imparts the view that it is Gods will that the young nation expand across the continent. In the resulting expansion, settlers race west to California in search of gold in 1849. 97: Although no longer claiming that expansionism is Gods will, the United States continues to explore new frontiers. U. S. Astronauts work side-by-side with their Russian counterparts aboard the Russian space station Mir in an effort to investigate the prospects of long-term cooperation in sass: American society at large perceives gambling at cards and other space. Games of chance, in which money changes hands, as the domain of drifters, con-men, and prostitutes. 1997: Casino gambling is no longer confined to Alas Vegas or Atlantic City, having come to be seen as a route to financial reinvigoration in large American cities. Candidates for municipal office often stake their political prospects on their success in bringing casino gaming to town, while political figures who oppose casinos are publicly vilified as out-of-touch prigs and Puritans. Critical Overview When The Outcasts of Poker Flat first appeared in the January, 1869, issue of the Overland Monthly, the story was an immediate critical and popular success. Critics such as Emily S. Forman, writing for Old and New, praised Hearts use of novel vernacular and Movie portraiture to thrill the very depths of the heart and soul.